Research

Environmental journalism is entering an increasingly challenging period marked by political pressure, economic instability, safety concerns, and technological threats, according to a research-style analysis published by the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEJ). The study examines how reporters covering environmental issues are adapting to growing professional risks while developing strategies to sustain their work. The report describes environmental journalism as operating in a “perilous era,” where journalists must navigate both traditional reporting hazards and emerging threats linked to political polarization, digital surveillance, and shrinking news resources. In recent years, attacks against environmental journalists—including physical, legal, and...

A report by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) documents a surge of press freedom violations across the Middle East during the recent conflict involving Iran, highlighting censorship, arrests, and restrictions that limited journalists’ ability to report on the war. The study notes that governments across the region imposed new controls on information flows while journalists faced intimidation and physical risks covering military developments. According to CPJ, authorities in Iran significantly tightened restrictions on media coverage as the conflict intensified. Journalists were warned not to publish commentary about the war on social media, while government...

A research report published by ARTICLE 19 and partner press freedom organizations examines the state of journalism in Türkiye following a joint international fact-finding mission conducted in Ankara from 24 to 26 November 2025. The report evaluates legal, political, and structural challenges facing independent media. It concludes that the country’s press environment is experiencing a significant deterioration marked by judicial harassment, regulatory pressure, and censorship. The mission was organized by the International Press Institute (IPI) as part of the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) mechanism. It included participation from ARTICLE 19 Europe, Amnesty International, the...

Journalism in Latin America has evolved through a complex historical trajectory shaped by colonial power structures, political upheavals, and cultural transformations. A review published by Harvard’s ReVista examines these historical processes, tracing the roots of journalism in the region from pre-colonial communication systems to modern media institutions and highlighting how journalism became intertwined with political change and public discourse. The study begins by identifying early forms of communication in pre-Columbian societies, which functioned as proto-journalistic systems for recording events and transmitting information. Indigenous civilizations such as the Maya and Inca developed sophisticated communication methods, including...

A new research report published by the International Press Institute (IPI) and partners from the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) network warns that journalists across Europe are facing an increasingly hostile environment marked by legal intimidation, political pressure, and growing threats to their safety. The study examines developments affecting press freedom across European Union member states and candidate countries, highlighting a worrying deterioration in the conditions under which journalists operate. The report finds that media workers across the region are encountering a broad range of threats, including physical attacks, harassment, intimidation, and attempts to control...

The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) “Killed List 2025” research report offers a comprehensive and systematic account of journalists and media workers killed worldwide in 2025, underscoring the severe risks faced by the profession and the ongoing failure of authorities to protect those reporting on conflict, crime, and public affairs. This 37-page annual publication by the IFJ — the world’s largest journalists’ organisation — documents patterns of lethal violence against the press and categorises deaths according to strict verification criteria. Drawing on years of longitudinal data collection and collaboration with affiliate unions, the report records...

A new Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) Fellow Paper by Syrian journalist Asmaa al-Omar examines the complex challenges faced by exiled journalists considering a return to post-war Syria, unpacking how professional identity, safety, and political context intersect for media practitioners shaped by decades of conflict and displacement. The research, titled “After Assad: roles and risks for exiled journalists navigating return to Syria,” builds on Al-Omar’s own career reporting on human rights, migration, and conflict in the Middle East. Al-Omar frames her study around the experiences of Syrian journalists who fled the country...

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has published a comprehensive analysis showing that 2025 was the deadliest year on record for journalists and media workers, with 129 press members killed worldwide—more than in any year since CPJ began systematic documentation in 1992. The deaths marked a second consecutive annual increase, highlighting an intensification of lethal risks faced by journalists globally. CPJ’s research reveals a striking concentration of violence in conflict zones, with over three-quarters of all fatalities occurring amid armed confrontations. The report identifies the Afghanistan-Ukraine-Sudan and Middle East theatres as key arenas where journalists...

A recent research-oriented article published by the Al Jazeera Journalism Review explores an overlooked dimension of the media profession: the systemic fragility and internal taboos that inhibit journalists from critiquing their own industry. Drawing on interviews and firsthand observations, author Diana López Zuleta argues that while journalists are trained to expose abuses of power externally, they seldom confront the precarious working conditions and economic insecurity within media organisations themselves. This silence, she contends, has profound implications for the future of journalism and its capacity to serve the public interest. At the core of the analysis...

Four years after Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022, reporting in and about the conflict remains an exceptionally hazardous profession, sustained by evolving front-line risks, deliberate targeting of media infrastructure and personnel, and shifting patterns of violence that redefine press safety norms in modern warfare. A February 2026 monitoring report published by the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) and partner organisations provides a detailed analysis of these conditions, documenting both the scale of threats and the adaptive strategies journalists have used to continue independent reporting in an active war zone. Scale...

Online harassment and gender-based digital violence have emerged as a pervasive threat to women journalists’ safety, professional autonomy, and freedom of expression across global media ecosystems. A growing body of research and advocacy highlights the scale, forms, and consequences of such abuse, with key institutional responses seeking to understand and counteract its impact on press freedom. Scale and Forms of Online ViolenceStudies and global surveys reveal that digital platforms have become major arenas for targeting female journalists with abuse, including coordinated harassment, doxing, death and rape threats, and sexually violent content. A UNESCO-ICFJ global survey...

A research-oriented review of press freedom conditions for 2026 identifies five major structural trends that are reshaping the global journalism landscape, reflecting converging legal, economic, technological, security, and societal pressures on media freedom. This analysis draws on the 2025 World Press Freedom Index and verified developments from late 2025 into early 2026, underscoring how challenges to independent reporting are becoming more interconnected and complex. Expanding Legal and Regulatory PressuresGovernments globally are broadening legal and regulatory frameworks that affect journalism beyond traditional censorship. New digital laws, cybersecurity regulations, licensing requirements, and expanded enforcement powers — often...

A comprehensive review of press freedom conditions across Europe in 2025 reveals persistent and widespread threats to journalists and media outlets in both European Union (EU) Member States and candidate countries. The 2025 Monitoring Report issued by the Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) partners documents 1,481 verified press freedom violations affecting 2,377 journalists and media-related entities across 36 countries from January through December 2025. These figures reflect ongoing structural challenges to media independence and safety throughout the continent. The report, compiled by the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF), the European Federation of...

A comprehensive assessment of media freedoms in Türkiye for 2025 reflects a sustained deterioration of press independence, legal autonomy, and safety conditions for journalists, culminating in one of the most repressive media environments among European and candidate countries. Multiple monitoring reports show that authorities continued to leverage criminal prosecutions, judicial harassment, censorship, regulatory pressure, and digital controls to curb independent reporting and dissenting perspectives throughout the year. One of the defining features of 2025 was the frequency and scope of arrests and legal actions taken against journalists across the country. According to data compiled by...

A Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) special report published on February 19, 2026, documents extensive allegations of torture, abuse, and mistreatment experienced by Palestinian journalists while held in Israeli custody since the outbreak of the Israel-Gaza conflict in October 2023. The investigation draws on detailed interviews with 59 Palestinian journalists who were released from detention and adds to mounting international concern over the treatment of media workers imprisoned amid the region’s prolonged hostilities. The report, titled We returned from hell, reveals that 58 out of the 59 journalists interviewed described suffering severe physical and psychological...

This research article examines the comprehensive 2026 analysis published by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) documenting the systematic repression of independent media in the Russian Federation. Drawing on legal frameworks, case studies, and quantitative trends, the report highlights how state institutions and allied actors have dismantled press freedoms through legislative manipulation, intimidation, and punitive measures that undermine the basic functions of journalism. Background and Legal Framework Russia’s Constitution formally guarantees freedom of speech and press; however, successive legal amendments and bureaucratic regulations introduced in the past decade — including broad “foreign agent” laws, anti-extremism...

Investigative journalism occupies a central place in democratic societies by uncovering wrongdoing, holding power to account, and informing public debate with deeply researched evidence. The Al Jazeera Centre for Studies’ recent analytical review examines methodological frameworks used in investigative reporting, evaluates their impact on story quality, and explores how these approaches shape trust, public impact, and ethical standards in journalism globally. Conceptualising Investigative MethodologiesInvestigative journalism is distinguished by its depth, duration, and emphasis on verification beyond surface reporting. The core methodological approaches include longitudinal research, source triangulation, data analysis, fieldwork, and cross-referencing documentary evidence. Each...

The article "Sudan’s Civil War Is Silencing the Press" by Isma'il Kushkrush describes how Sudan’s ongoing civil war, which began in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has created one of the world’s most severe humanitarian crises but remains drastically underreported by global media. Despite estimates that the conflict has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, mass displacement, widespread hunger, and brutal violence, international news coverage has been sparse and overshadowed by wars in other regions. Kushkush highlights that Sudanese journalists have continued reporting under exceptionally perilous...

How Journalists Are Killed in Gaza from Inkstick Media (published February 12, 2026): The article, written by Gaza-based journalist Issam Adwan, is a first-person reflection on the cumulative toll that Israel’s military campaign in Gaza has taken on media workers. It opens with a personal narrative about learning journalism and quickly shifts to the stark reality that being Palestinian is treated as a liability in Gaza’s conflict zone, and being a journalist adds further risk. Local journalists are often accused of bias or political motivation, which undermines outrage when they are killed and makes their...

A recent Reporters Without Borders (RSF) analysis reveals that more than 175 journalists have been victims of abuse, injury, or death linked to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine — a trend that underscores severe threats to press freedom and journalist safety in contemporary armed conflict. The documentation reflects nearly four years of sustained hostility toward news professionals operating in a high-risk environment where frontline reporting intersects with active military engagement. Scope and MethodologyRSF’s findings are based on systematic documentation with partner organisations, including the Institute of Mass Information (IMI) in Ukraine. Cases recorded since 24...

A comprehensive analysis of United Nations initiatives and international data underscores that the safety of journalists remains a core concern for press freedom and democratic governance worldwide. The “Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity,” a cornerstone of UN policy, aims to protect media workers through prevention, protection, and prosecution mechanisms and to combat the pervasive lack of accountability for crimes against the press. Conceptual Framework: Press Freedom and Human RightsFreedom of expression and information are foundational rights recognised under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with independent journalism essential for...

This analysis examines the state of press freedom in Germany as documented in the recent Reporters Without Borders (RSF) “Focus 2026” report, identifying key structural threats from disinformation, political polarisation, and attacks on journalists, and situating them within broader media freedom research and contextual indicators. The report highlights a multifaceted deterioration in the environment for independent journalism in a country traditionally ranked high in global press freedom assessments. Context and Conceptual FrameworkPress freedom encompasses a society’s ability to produce, disseminate, and access information without undue interference, violence, or censorship. RSF’s assessment incorporates both quantitative indicators—such...

The Al Jazeera Journalism Review (AJR), a publication platform of the Al Jazeera Media Institute, functions as an analytical forum that interrogates prevailing practices, power structures, and narrative dynamics in global media, with a particular focus on perspectives from the Global South. Its mission is to expand journalism discourse beyond dominant Western paradigms and examine how structural, political, and technological factors shape media coverage and press freedom worldwide. Historical and Institutional Context AJR originated as part of the Al Jazeera Media Institute’s broader commitment to media training, professional development, and critical inquiry. It leverages editorial...

Recent news industry layoffs have underscored the fragility of traditional media employment and the need for journalists to adapt to structural shifts in news production. This research-oriented summary synthesises practical guidance from industry experts on how journalists can navigate career transitions after layoffs, emphasising both individual resilience and strategic professional development. Industry ContextIn 2025–2026, major news organisations experienced multiple waves of layoffs amid declining advertising revenue, evolving digital consumption and cost-cutting transformations. Journalists across roles — from local reporting to international bureaus — have found themselves displaced as media companies seek to streamline operations or...

A recent investigation by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), in collaboration with the Syrian Investigative Reporting for Accountability Journalism (SIRAJ), provides new evidence that the February 2012 artillery strike in Homs, Syria, which killed journalists Marie Colvin and Rémi Ochlik, constituted a deliberate attack on media workers. This research-style analysis examines the methodology, findings, and legal implications of the investigation, situating the case within international humanitarian law and broader patterns of violence against journalists in conflict zones. Background and Context On 22 February 2012, during the Syrian government’s siege of the Baba Amr neighbourhood of Homs,...